Crypto’s great—until the network clogs up. That’s where Layer 2 comes in. So what is a Layer 2 blockchain exactly? It’s a smart way to speed things up, cut costs, and still keep your transactions secure. In this guide, you’ll learn what Layer 2 means, how it works, and why it’s reshaping the future of blockchain.
What Are Layer-2 (L2) Solutions?
Layer-2 solutions are built on top of existing blockchains like Ethereum or the Bitcoin network. They don’t replace the base chain—they help it work faster and cheaper.
Instead of clogging the main chain with every transaction, Layer-2s handle most of the activity off-chain. They bundle transaction data and send the result back to Layer-1 for final settlement. That keeps things secure without slowing everything down.
Popular examples include the Lightning Network (built on Bitcoin) and Optimism or Arbitrum (on Ethereum). They make crypto apps usable for millions—without breaking the system.
Why Do Layer-2 Solutions Matter?
The Scalability Bottleneck of Layer-1
Layer-1 blockchains like Ethereum and Bitcoin are built to prioritize decentralization and security. But they were not designed with speed in mind. As usage has surged, their limitations have become clear. The Bitcoin network only processes about 7 transactions per second. Ethereum does a bit better, with 15-30 TPS, but that’s still not enough to meet global demand.
This limited capacity leads to congestion. When everyone tries executing Ethereum transactions at once—during NFT drops, token launches, or DeFi booms—gas fees skyrocket. It’s not uncommon for fees to hit $20, $50, or more per transaction, pricing out regular users and making the experience frustrating.
Layer-2 to the Rescue
This is where Layer-2 solutions come in. They scale the system by offloading the bulk of transaction activity from the underlying blockchain network. Instead of processing everything on the base chain, Layer-2 networks handle the transactions separately and only send the final proof or summary back to Layer-1.
Technologies like rollups, state channels, and Validium networks use this model to make blockchain networks faster. The result? Drastically lower fees, quicker confirmations, and a smoother experience for everyone.
Unlocking the Full Potential of Blockchain
Layer-2 isn’t just about performance—it’s about enabling new possibilities. With lower fees and a higher throughput, developers can finally build responsive DeFi platforms, real-time blockchain games, and NFT marketplaces that don’t grind to a halt.
It also means blockchain technology can realistically serve millions of users—turning it from a niche innovation into infrastructure ready for mainstream adoption. Layer-2 takes the load off Layer-1 while preserving the security and decentralization that make crypto worth using in the first place.
See also: What Is a Layer-1 Blockchain?
What Is the Difference between Layer 1 and Layer 2?
| Difference | Layer-1 | Layer-2 |
| Core Role | Handles consensus, security, and data availability for all transactions globally | Handles transaction execution and scaling—offloads work from L1 to increase throughput |
| Speed | Slower transaction processing | Faster transaction processing due to off-chain handling |
| Fees | Higher fees during network congestion | Lower fees by aggregating transactions |
| Decentralization | Highly decentralized | Varies; often less decentralized |
| Security | Secured by its own consensus mechanism | Inherits security from Layer-1 |
| Use Cases | Base protocol operations | Scalability solutions for dApps and DeFi |
How Layer-2 Works
Layer-2 solutions take most of the pressure off Layer-1 blockchains. Instead of processing every step directly on-chain, they handle transactions and smart contract activity elsewhere—then send a summary or final result back to the base layer.
It’s like writing rough drafts on a notepad and only submitting the final copy to a shared folder. Everyone stays in sync, but without clutter at every single step. This makes things faster and a lot cheaper.
Here’s how it works: the Layer-2 network handles computations, stores transaction data, and keeps track of changes. Then, it periodically posts proofs or updates to the main chain. Those updates are what get permanently recorded.
This approach improves blockchain scalability without weakening security. The blockchain networks underneath—like Ethereum or Bitcoin—still act as the foundation. But Layer 2 scaling solutions do most of the heavy lifting. As a result, we get faster apps, lower fees, and smoother experiences across the board.
How L2s Help Fix Blockchain Problems
Layer-2 solutions address key blockchain issues by:
- Reducing Fees: By processing transactions off-chain, they minimize the computational burden on Layer-1, leading to lower transaction costs.
- Improving Speed: Off-chain processing allows for faster transaction confirmation times.
- Enhancing Scalability: They increase the number of transactions the network can handle, facilitating broader adoption.
How Does Layer-2 Connect to Layer-1?
Layer-2 scaling solutions interact with Layer-1 blockchains through smart contracts that manage the transfer of assets and data between the two layers. Transactions are executed off-chain, and the results are periodically submitted to the Layer-1 chain for validation and finality. This connection ensures that Layer-2 benefits from the security and decentralization of Layer-1 while providing enhanced scalability and efficiency.
The Different Types of Layer-2 Solutions
State Channels
State channels let users transact off-chain as much as they want—and only post the final result to the main chain. That saves time and money.
Here’s how it works: Two users open a channel by locking some crypto in a smart contract. They can then send payments or updates between each other instantly. Once they’re done, they close the channel and the final balance goes back to Layer-1.
Because the transaction processing happens off-chain, it’s fast and cheap. This setup is great for games, tipping, and other high-volume activities that don’t need every action to happen on-chain. It’s one of the simplest ways to scale blockchain technology without sacrificing security.
The Lightning Network is the best-known example—it brings fast, off-chain payments to the Bitcoin network.
Sidechains
Sidechains are separate blockchains that run in parallel with a Layer-1. They have their own rules and validators but can communicate with the main chain through a two-way bridge. Because they process sidechain transactions independently, they help reduce congestion on Layer-1 and improve overall blockchain scalability.
Think of them as blockchain siblings. They’re not just faster—they’re also customizable. Developers can use sidechains to test new features or build apps that need more flexibility than Layer-1 offers.
One example is xDai, a sidechain of Ethereum network that handles stablecoin payments with low fees. Another is the original Polygon PoS chain, which started as a sidechain before expanding into a full ecosystem.
Rollups
Rollups group multiple transactions together and submit them to the base chain in a single batch. This reduces the number of on-chain operations and lowers gas fees—while still relying on the security of the underlying network.
There are two main types. Optimistic rollups assume everything is valid unless someone proves otherwise. ZK-rollups (zero-knowledge rollups) use cryptographic techniques to provide a validity proof for each batch from the start. That makes them extremely secure and efficient.
Rollups are a key part of Ethereum’s scaling roadmap. They enable faster and cheaper transactions for everything from trading to gaming. Popular rollup projects include Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync—all helping Ethereum scale without sacrificing trust.
Plasma
Plasma is an early example of Layer-2 scaling that uses a nested blockchain model to handle transactions off-chain.
Plasma creates smaller chains—called child chains—that run alongside the main network. Each child chain processes its own transactions, then sends a summary to the base layer blockchain.
This model helps reduce congestion on the main chain. But Plasma doesn’t support complex smart contracts very well, so it’s more useful for payments than dApps. OmiseGO (now OMG Network) was one of the early adopters of Plasma.
It’s not as popular today, but Plasma helped pave the way for newer L2 innovations.
Validium
Validium is a type of ZK-rollup, but with a twist. It stores data off-chain instead of on Layer-1. That makes it faster and more private.
Just like other ZK solutions, Validium uses zero-knowledge proofs to confirm everything’s correct. But since the data is off-chain, it handles more transactions with less strain on the main chain.
It’s ideal for use cases where privacy and speed matter—like enterprise apps, games, or regulated financial platforms. StarkEx, used by dYdX and Immutable X, is a well-known Validium-based solution.
The Most Popular Layer-2 Networks You Should Know
Arbitrum
Arbitrum is one of Ethereum’s most widely-used Layer-2 scaling solutions. It uses optimistic rollups to boost transaction speeds and lower costs.
Arbitrum regularly handles around 500k-2M transactions per day. At its peak, Arbitrum achieved over 5 million transactions in a day—twice as much as Ethereum itself.
What makes Arbitrum stand out is its developer-friendliness. It supports Ethereum smart contracts out of the box, so developers don’t need to learn a new coding language.
Projects like GMX, Radiant, and Dopex all run on it—making it a major player in the Ethereum scaling ecosystem.
Optimism
One of Optimism’s slogans is “Ethereum, scaled”, and indeed, it plays a major part in scaling Ethereum. It uses the same optimistic rollup approach as Arbitrum but focuses heavily on governance and public goods.
Optimism reinvests part of its fees into the Optimism Collective—a system that funds projects helping grow the Ethereum ecosystem. It’s fast, reliable, and cost-effective, with support from major apps like Synthetix and Velodrome.
Optimism is also part of the “Superchain” vision—a future where many blockchains connect through shared standards and infrastructure.
zkSync
zkSync uses zero-knowledge rollups to process transactions off-chain and prove their validity on Ethereum. It’s fast, cheap, and designed with user experience in mind.
Unlike some ZK solutions, zkSync supports native smart contracts. That means devs can build full-featured dApps with the same tools they use on Ethereum.
zkSync Era (the latest version) launched in 2023 and has grown quickly. Its tech is powerful enough to scale gaming, DeFi, and even social apps—all while staying secure.
Polygon (MATIC)
Polygon started as a sidechain, but now it’s much more. It’s a whole suite of Ethereum scaling solutions, including a Proof of Stake chain, zk-rollups, and even Validium-based tech.
The Polygon PoS chain showed the power of scaling early on. It achieved widespread adoption from 2021 onwards, at one point handling over 7-9 million transactions per day on average.
Polygon is popular with big brands—Reddit, Nike, and Starbucks have all used it. That’s thanks to its speed, low fees, and strong developer ecosystem.
In 2023, Polygon launched zkEVM, a zero-knowledge rollup that works just like Ethereum. It combines the security of L1 with the power of zk-proofs—a big step forward in blockchain scaling.
StarkNet
StarkNet is a Layer-2 network built with zero-knowledge cryptography. It’s made by StarkWare, the same team behind StarkEx and Validium.
In October 2024, StarkNet demonstrated a sustained 127 transactions per second over a full day in a test, which set a record for L2s at that time.
StarkNet lets developers build scalable, secure apps using Cairo—a custom programming language optimized for ZK-proofs. It’s more complex than some other L2s, but incredibly powerful.
StarkNet is still growing, but already powers apps like dYdX, Sorare, and Immutable. It’s a leading force in the ZK-rollup space and one of the most advanced Layer-2 solutions on the market.
Why Should Crypto Investors Care About Layer-2?
Layer-2 isn’t just a tech upgrade—it changes how you use crypto. Faster speeds, lower fees, and better app performance make the whole experience smoother. If you’ve ever waited ages for a transfer or paid $30 in gas, you already know why this matters.
L2s open up more use cases: real-time games, DeFi trading, NFT minting, and more. These all run better when the network isn’t clogged. Layer-2 makes crypto more practical—and gives you more options as an investor.
Lower fees and faster transactions
Layer-2 solutions process transactions off the main chain. This reduces the cost and clears the queue. Most L2s settle in seconds and cost just a few cents. For example, average transaction fees on Arbitrum or Optimism are around $0.05—mere fractions of a dollar—whereas on Ethereum mainnet it’s not uncommon to pay $5-20 (or more) per transaction during congested periods.
This makes everyday actions—like swaps, transfers, or mints—affordable again. No more choosing between speed and cost. You get both.
Increased utility for DeFi and NFTs
High fees hurt DeFi platforms and NFT projects. Many users skip smaller trades or cheaper NFTs because the gas isn’t worth it.
Layer-2 brings those costs down. That means more trading volume, more minting, and more user activity. DeFi apps like Uniswap and NFT projects like Zora already run on L2.
Scalability
Layer-2 networks scale Ethereum and Bitcoin without changing their foundations. That’s important. You don’t lose the network security or decentralization—just the bottlenecks.
By moving most activity off-chain, Layer-2 helps blockchains handle millions of users at once. It’s how crypto grows from niche to mainstream.
What’s Next for Layer-2?
Layer-2 is moving fast—and the next few years could bring major shifts. Fees are dropping, networks are multiplying, and the user experience is finally catching up.
More Layers, More Networks
Expect to see a rise in specialized Layer-2s—and even Layer-3s, which are app-specific chains that settle on L2s instead of Layer-1. StarkNet, for example, envisions entire stacks of STARK-powered chains. You might use a game on a custom L3 that still inherits Ethereum’s security through its L2. Projects like the OP Stack (Superchain) are already building towards this modular future.
Smoother Interoperability
Moving across L2s can still feel clunky. Projects like Hop Protocol and Connext are working on seamless bridges to fix that. The long-term goal? You won’t even need to know what network you’re on. Wallets will route transactions through the cheapest and fastest Layer-2 scaling solution behind the scenes—and value won’t be siloed in just one chain.
Decentralized Sequencers
Many L2s today rely on centralized sequencers to order transactions. But that’s starting to change. StarkNet is working on decentralized sequencing. Optimism and Arbitrum may follow with multi-party block production. Some researchers are exploring shared sequencers—a single system used across several L2s. This would increase resilience and reduce censorship risk, while opening doors to new staking and infrastructure roles.
Big Players Joining In
L2 isn’t just for startups anymore. Coinbase launched Base, its own L2 using the OP Stack, and other major platforms may follow. Even Layer-1s like Celo are considering switching to become L2s on Ethereum to tap into its ecosystem. So we can expect a more competitive landscape—where L2s target specific niches like privacy, compliance, or gaming.
Ethereum as a Settlement Layer
As Layer-2s grow, Ethereum will shift toward being a pure settlement and data availability layer. Most users might never interact with Ethereum directly. Instead, they’ll live on L2s like Arbitrum or zkSync, using apps without ever touching the base chain. ETH will still play a critical role—powering gas, staking, and securing the whole system.
Better User Experience
The final hurdle is usability. L2s are where you’ll see new features like gasless transactions, instant onboarding, and smart contract wallets roll out first. This smoother UX could be what finally brings in mainstream users—people who don’t care about blockchains but want fast, easy, app-like experiences.
Read also: What Is a Layer-0 Blockchain Protocol?
FAQ
Are Layer-2 solutions safe to use?
Yes—most Layer-2s borrow security from their main blockchain. That means if you’re using an L2 on Ethereum, you’re still backed by Ethereum’s core consensus. But risks do exist. Bugs in bridges or smart contracts can cause problems, especially if the L2 isn’t battle-tested. Always do your homework before moving large amounts of funds.
Will Layer-2 networks replace Layer-1 blockchains in the future?
No—Layer-2s are not a replacement for Layer-1s; rather, they are an extension.
Layer-1 blockchains still handle the heavy lifting: security, decentralization, and final settlement.
So Ethereum, for example, won’t be “replaced” by its L2s—if anything, a thriving L2 ecosystem makes Ethereum even more central as the coordinating layer for all those L2s. We might actually see more Layer-1 blockchains appear (for specific niches or as data availability layers), but major L1s like Ethereum and Bitcoin will continue to operate indefinitely to provide the hard security guarantees. L2s themselves do not run their own consensus (except sidechains), they rely on L1 consensus.
But since a scalability limitation exists on every L1, Layer-2s are here to stay. They complement the underlying base blockchain—not replace it. In the long run, most user activity might move to L2, but L1 will always play a foundational role.
Do I need a different wallet for each Layer-2?
Sometimes, yes—but it depends. Many Layer-2s use the same wallets as their underlying base layer network, especially if they’re built on Ethereum.
For example, if you have MetaMask set up for Ethereum, you can simply add the Arbitrum network or Optimism network RPC, and the same account and address will work on those networks. The funds and contracts on each L2 are separate, but you don’t need to create a brand new key or account—the keys controlling your Ethereum address also control the same address on the L2.
But some L2s require you to switch networks or add custom settings. Always check before sending funds.
Are there extra costs to use Layer-2?
There can be. Moving funds between L1 and L2 often includes bridge fees or gas costs. But once you’re on Layer-2, the savings are big. It boosts network throughput and cuts fees per transaction. Still, keep an eye on small bridging charges—they can add up over time if you’re moving funds often.
Are gas fees on Layer-2 always cheaper, even during high market activity?
In most cases, yes. Layer-2 networks handle transactions off-chain and compress them before posting back to the main network, e.g., Ethereum. That keeps Ethereum transactions lighter, even during busy times.
Now, if Ethereum itself is really congested, that can raise the cost of posting rollup data—which slightly bumps L2 fees. But rollups batch thousands of transactions at once, so the cost per transaction stays much lower.
Also, if the L2 itself gets popular, fees might rise a bit. Still, they’re usually just cents—way below what you’d pay directly on L1.
Disclaimer: Please note that the contents of this article are not financial or investing advice. The information provided in this article is the author’s opinion only and should not be considered as offering trading or investing recommendations. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. The cryptocurrency market suffers from high volatility and occasional arbitrary movements. Any investor, trader, or regular crypto users should research multiple viewpoints and be familiar with all local regulations before committing to an investment.
Crypto’s great—until the network clogs up. That’s where Layer 2 comes in. So what is a Layer 2 blockchain exactly? It’s a smart way to speed things up, cut costs, and still keep your transactions secure. In this guide, you’ll learn what Layer 2 means, how it works, and why it’s reshaping the future of blockchain.
What Are Layer-2 (L2) Solutions?
Layer-2 solutions are built on top of existing blockchains like Ethereum or the Bitcoin network. They don’t replace the base chain—they help it work faster and cheaper.
Instead of clogging the main chain with every transaction, Layer-2s handle most of the activity off-chain. They bundle transaction data and send the result back to Layer-1 for final settlement. That keeps things secure without slowing everything down.
Popular examples include the Lightning Network (built on Bitcoin) and Optimism or Arbitrum (on Ethereum). They make crypto apps usable for millions—without breaking the system.
Why Do Layer-2 Solutions Matter?
The Scalability Bottleneck of Layer-1
Layer-1 blockchains like Ethereum and Bitcoin are built to prioritize decentralization and security. But they were not designed with speed in mind. As usage has surged, their limitations have become clear. The Bitcoin network only processes about 7 transactions per second. Ethereum does a bit better, with 15-30 TPS, but that’s still not enough to meet global demand.
This limited capacity leads to congestion. When everyone tries executing Ethereum transactions at once—during NFT drops, token launches, or DeFi booms—gas fees skyrocket. It’s not uncommon for fees to hit $20, $50, or more per transaction, pricing out regular users and making the experience frustrating.
Layer-2 to the Rescue
This is where Layer-2 solutions come in. They scale the system by offloading the bulk of transaction activity from the underlying blockchain network. Instead of processing everything on the base chain, Layer-2 networks handle the transactions separately and only send the final proof or summary back to Layer-1.
Technologies like rollups, state channels, and Validium networks use this model to make blockchain networks faster. The result? Drastically lower fees, quicker confirmations, and a smoother experience for everyone.
Unlocking the Full Potential of Blockchain
Layer-2 isn’t just about performance—it’s about enabling new possibilities. With lower fees and a higher throughput, developers can finally build responsive DeFi platforms, real-time blockchain games, and NFT marketplaces that don’t grind to a halt.
It also means blockchain technology can realistically serve millions of users—turning it from a niche innovation into infrastructure ready for mainstream adoption. Layer-2 takes the load off Layer-1 while preserving the security and decentralization that make crypto worth using in the first place.
See also: What Is a Layer-1 Blockchain?
What Is the Difference between Layer 1 and Layer 2?
| Difference | Layer-1 | Layer-2 |
| Core Role | Handles consensus, security, and data availability for all transactions globally | Handles transaction execution and scaling—offloads work from L1 to increase throughput |
| Speed | Slower transaction processing | Faster transaction processing due to off-chain handling |
| Fees | Higher fees during network congestion | Lower fees by aggregating transactions |
| Decentralization | Highly decentralized | Varies; often less decentralized |
| Security | Secured by its own consensus mechanism | Inherits security from Layer-1 |
| Use Cases | Base protocol operations | Scalability solutions for dApps and DeFi |
How Layer-2 Works
Layer-2 solutions take most of the pressure off Layer-1 blockchains. Instead of processing every step directly on-chain, they handle transactions and smart contract activity elsewhere—then send a summary or final result back to the base layer.
It’s like writing rough drafts on a notepad and only submitting the final copy to a shared folder. Everyone stays in sync, but without clutter at every single step. This makes things faster and a lot cheaper.
Here’s how it works: the Layer-2 network handles computations, stores transaction data, and keeps track of changes. Then, it periodically posts proofs or updates to the main chain. Those updates are what get permanently recorded.
This approach improves blockchain scalability without weakening security. The blockchain networks underneath—like Ethereum or Bitcoin—still act as the foundation. But Layer 2 scaling solutions do most of the heavy lifting. As a result, we get faster apps, lower fees, and smoother experiences across the board.
How L2s Help Fix Blockchain Problems
Layer-2 solutions address key blockchain issues by:
- Reducing Fees: By processing transactions off-chain, they minimize the computational burden on Layer-1, leading to lower transaction costs.
- Improving Speed: Off-chain processing allows for faster transaction confirmation times.
- Enhancing Scalability: They increase the number of transactions the network can handle, facilitating broader adoption.
How Does Layer-2 Connect to Layer-1?
Layer-2 scaling solutions interact with Layer-1 blockchains through smart contracts that manage the transfer of assets and data between the two layers. Transactions are executed off-chain, and the results are periodically submitted to the Layer-1 chain for validation and finality. This connection ensures that Layer-2 benefits from the security and decentralization of Layer-1 while providing enhanced scalability and efficiency.
The Different Types of Layer-2 Solutions
State Channels
State channels let users transact off-chain as much as they want—and only post the final result to the main chain. That saves time and money.
Here’s how it works: Two users open a channel by locking some crypto in a smart contract. They can then send payments or updates between each other instantly. Once they’re done, they close the channel and the final balance goes back to Layer-1.
Because the transaction processing happens off-chain, it’s fast and cheap. This setup is great for games, tipping, and other high-volume activities that don’t need every action to happen on-chain. It’s one of the simplest ways to scale blockchain technology without sacrificing security.
The Lightning Network is the best-known example—it brings fast, off-chain payments to the Bitcoin network.
Sidechains
Sidechains are separate blockchains that run in parallel with a Layer-1. They have their own rules and validators but can communicate with the main chain through a two-way bridge. Because they process sidechain transactions independently, they help reduce congestion on Layer-1 and improve overall blockchain scalability.
Think of them as blockchain siblings. They’re not just faster—they’re also customizable. Developers can use sidechains to test new features or build apps that need more flexibility than Layer-1 offers.
One example is xDai, a sidechain of Ethereum network that handles stablecoin payments with low fees. Another is the original Polygon PoS chain, which started as a sidechain before expanding into a full ecosystem.
Rollups
Rollups group multiple transactions together and submit them to the base chain in a single batch. This reduces the number of on-chain operations and lowers gas fees—while still relying on the security of the underlying network.
There are two main types. Optimistic rollups assume everything is valid unless someone proves otherwise. ZK-rollups (zero-knowledge rollups) use cryptographic techniques to provide a validity proof for each batch from the start. That makes them extremely secure and efficient.
Rollups are a key part of Ethereum’s scaling roadmap. They enable faster and cheaper transactions for everything from trading to gaming. Popular rollup projects include Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync—all helping Ethereum scale without sacrificing trust.
Plasma
Plasma is an early example of Layer-2 scaling that uses a nested blockchain model to handle transactions off-chain.
Plasma creates smaller chains—called child chains—that run alongside the main network. Each child chain processes its own transactions, then sends a summary to the base layer blockchain.
This model helps reduce congestion on the main chain. But Plasma doesn’t support complex smart contracts very well, so it’s more useful for payments than dApps. OmiseGO (now OMG Network) was one of the early adopters of Plasma.
It’s not as popular today, but Plasma helped pave the way for newer L2 innovations.
Validium
Validium is a type of ZK-rollup, but with a twist. It stores data off-chain instead of on Layer-1. That makes it faster and more private.
Just like other ZK solutions, Validium uses zero-knowledge proofs to confirm everything’s correct. But since the data is off-chain, it handles more transactions with less strain on the main chain.
It’s ideal for use cases where privacy and speed matter—like enterprise apps, games, or regulated financial platforms. StarkEx, used by dYdX and Immutable X, is a well-known Validium-based solution.
The Most Popular Layer-2 Networks You Should Know
Arbitrum
Arbitrum is one of Ethereum’s most widely-used Layer-2 scaling solutions. It uses optimistic rollups to boost transaction speeds and lower costs.
Arbitrum regularly handles around 500k-2M transactions per day. At its peak, Arbitrum achieved over 5 million transactions in a day—twice as much as Ethereum itself.
What makes Arbitrum stand out is its developer-friendliness. It supports Ethereum smart contracts out of the box, so developers don’t need to learn a new coding language.
Projects like GMX, Radiant, and Dopex all run on it—making it a major player in the Ethereum scaling ecosystem.
Optimism
One of Optimism’s slogans is “Ethereum, scaled”, and indeed, it plays a major part in scaling Ethereum. It uses the same optimistic rollup approach as Arbitrum but focuses heavily on governance and public goods.
Optimism reinvests part of its fees into the Optimism Collective—a system that funds projects helping grow the Ethereum ecosystem. It’s fast, reliable, and cost-effective, with support from major apps like Synthetix and Velodrome.
Optimism is also part of the “Superchain” vision—a future where many blockchains connect through shared standards and infrastructure.
zkSync
zkSync uses zero-knowledge rollups to process transactions off-chain and prove their validity on Ethereum. It’s fast, cheap, and designed with user experience in mind.
Unlike some ZK solutions, zkSync supports native smart contracts. That means devs can build full-featured dApps with the same tools they use on Ethereum.
zkSync Era (the latest version) launched in 2023 and has grown quickly. Its tech is powerful enough to scale gaming, DeFi, and even social apps—all while staying secure.
Polygon (MATIC)
Polygon started as a sidechain, but now it’s much more. It’s a whole suite of Ethereum scaling solutions, including a Proof of Stake chain, zk-rollups, and even Validium-based tech.
The Polygon PoS chain showed the power of scaling early on. It achieved widespread adoption from 2021 onwards, at one point handling over 7-9 million transactions per day on average.
Polygon is popular with big brands—Reddit, Nike, and Starbucks have all used it. That’s thanks to its speed, low fees, and strong developer ecosystem.
In 2023, Polygon launched zkEVM, a zero-knowledge rollup that works just like Ethereum. It combines the security of L1 with the power of zk-proofs—a big step forward in blockchain scaling.
StarkNet
StarkNet is a Layer-2 network built with zero-knowledge cryptography. It’s made by StarkWare, the same team behind StarkEx and Validium.
In October 2024, StarkNet demonstrated a sustained 127 transactions per second over a full day in a test, which set a record for L2s at that time.
StarkNet lets developers build scalable, secure apps using Cairo—a custom programming language optimized for ZK-proofs. It’s more complex than some other L2s, but incredibly powerful.
StarkNet is still growing, but already powers apps like dYdX, Sorare, and Immutable. It’s a leading force in the ZK-rollup space and one of the most advanced Layer-2 solutions on the market.
Why Should Crypto Investors Care About Layer-2?
Layer-2 isn’t just a tech upgrade—it changes how you use crypto. Faster speeds, lower fees, and better app performance make the whole experience smoother. If you’ve ever waited ages for a transfer or paid $30 in gas, you already know why this matters.
L2s open up more use cases: real-time games, DeFi trading, NFT minting, and more. These all run better when the network isn’t clogged. Layer-2 makes crypto more practical—and gives you more options as an investor.
Lower fees and faster transactions
Layer-2 solutions process transactions off the main chain. This reduces the cost and clears the queue. Most L2s settle in seconds and cost just a few cents. For example, average transaction fees on Arbitrum or Optimism are around $0.05—mere fractions of a dollar—whereas on Ethereum mainnet it’s not uncommon to pay $5-20 (or more) per transaction during congested periods.
This makes everyday actions—like swaps, transfers, or mints—affordable again. No more choosing between speed and cost. You get both.
Increased utility for DeFi and NFTs
High fees hurt DeFi platforms and NFT projects. Many users skip smaller trades or cheaper NFTs because the gas isn’t worth it.
Layer-2 brings those costs down. That means more trading volume, more minting, and more user activity. DeFi apps like Uniswap and NFT projects like Zora already run on L2.
Scalability
Layer-2 networks scale Ethereum and Bitcoin without changing their foundations. That’s important. You don’t lose the network security or decentralization—just the bottlenecks.
By moving most activity off-chain, Layer-2 helps blockchains handle millions of users at once. It’s how crypto grows from niche to mainstream.
What’s Next for Layer-2?
Layer-2 is moving fast—and the next few years could bring major shifts. Fees are dropping, networks are multiplying, and the user experience is finally catching up.
More Layers, More Networks
Expect to see a rise in specialized Layer-2s—and even Layer-3s, which are app-specific chains that settle on L2s instead of Layer-1. StarkNet, for example, envisions entire stacks of STARK-powered chains. You might use a game on a custom L3 that still inherits Ethereum’s security through its L2. Projects like the OP Stack (Superchain) are already building towards this modular future.
Smoother Interoperability
Moving across L2s can still feel clunky. Projects like Hop Protocol and Connext are working on seamless bridges to fix that. The long-term goal? You won’t even need to know what network you’re on. Wallets will route transactions through the cheapest and fastest Layer-2 scaling solution behind the scenes—and value won’t be siloed in just one chain.
Decentralized Sequencers
Many L2s today rely on centralized sequencers to order transactions. But that’s starting to change. StarkNet is working on decentralized sequencing. Optimism and Arbitrum may follow with multi-party block production. Some researchers are exploring shared sequencers—a single system used across several L2s. This would increase resilience and reduce censorship risk, while opening doors to new staking and infrastructure roles.
Big Players Joining In
L2 isn’t just for startups anymore. Coinbase launched Base, its own L2 using the OP Stack, and other major platforms may follow. Even Layer-1s like Celo are considering switching to become L2s on Ethereum to tap into its ecosystem. So we can expect a more competitive landscape—where L2s target specific niches like privacy, compliance, or gaming.
Ethereum as a Settlement Layer
As Layer-2s grow, Ethereum will shift toward being a pure settlement and data availability layer. Most users might never interact with Ethereum directly. Instead, they’ll live on L2s like Arbitrum or zkSync, using apps without ever touching the base chain. ETH will still play a critical role—powering gas, staking, and securing the whole system.
Better User Experience
The final hurdle is usability. L2s are where you’ll see new features like gasless transactions, instant onboarding, and smart contract wallets roll out first. This smoother UX could be what finally brings in mainstream users—people who don’t care about blockchains but want fast, easy, app-like experiences.
Read also: What Is a Layer-0 Blockchain Protocol?
FAQ
Are Layer-2 solutions safe to use?
Yes—most Layer-2s borrow security from their main blockchain. That means if you’re using an L2 on Ethereum, you’re still backed by Ethereum’s core consensus. But risks do exist. Bugs in bridges or smart contracts can cause problems, especially if the L2 isn’t battle-tested. Always do your homework before moving large amounts of funds.
Will Layer-2 networks replace Layer-1 blockchains in the future?
No—Layer-2s are not a replacement for Layer-1s; rather, they are an extension.
Layer-1 blockchains still handle the heavy lifting: security, decentralization, and final settlement.
So Ethereum, for example, won’t be “replaced” by its L2s—if anything, a thriving L2 ecosystem makes Ethereum even more central as the coordinating layer for all those L2s. We might actually see more Layer-1 blockchains appear (for specific niches or as data availability layers), but major L1s like Ethereum and Bitcoin will continue to operate indefinitely to provide the hard security guarantees. L2s themselves do not run their own consensus (except sidechains), they rely on L1 consensus.
But since a scalability limitation exists on every L1, Layer-2s are here to stay. They complement the underlying base blockchain—not replace it. In the long run, most user activity might move to L2, but L1 will always play a foundational role.
Do I need a different wallet for each Layer-2?
Sometimes, yes—but it depends. Many Layer-2s use the same wallets as their underlying base layer network, especially if they’re built on Ethereum.
For example, if you have MetaMask set up for Ethereum, you can simply add the Arbitrum network or Optimism network RPC, and the same account and address will work on those networks. The funds and contracts on each L2 are separate, but you don’t need to create a brand new key or account—the keys controlling your Ethereum address also control the same address on the L2.
But some L2s require you to switch networks or add custom settings. Always check before sending funds.
Are there extra costs to use Layer-2?
There can be. Moving funds between L1 and L2 often includes bridge fees or gas costs. But once you’re on Layer-2, the savings are big. It boosts network throughput and cuts fees per transaction. Still, keep an eye on small bridging charges—they can add up over time if you’re moving funds often.
Are gas fees on Layer-2 always cheaper, even during high market activity?
In most cases, yes. Layer-2 networks handle transactions off-chain and compress them before posting back to the main network, e.g., Ethereum. That keeps Ethereum transactions lighter, even during busy times.
Now, if Ethereum itself is really congested, that can raise the cost of posting rollup data—which slightly bumps L2 fees. But rollups batch thousands of transactions at once, so the cost per transaction stays much lower.
Also, if the L2 itself gets popular, fees might rise a bit. Still, they’re usually just cents—way below what you’d pay directly on L1.
Disclaimer: Please note that the contents of this article are not financial or investing advice. The information provided in this article is the author’s opinion only and should not be considered as offering trading or investing recommendations. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. The cryptocurrency market suffers from high volatility and occasional arbitrary movements. Any investor, trader, or regular crypto users should research multiple viewpoints and be familiar with all local regulations before committing to an investment.
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