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  • Web 3
    IOT in E-Commerce Market Is Going to Boom | Major Giants Amazon,Alibaba,eBay

    IOT in E-Commerce Market Is Going to Boom | Major Giants Amazon,Alibaba,eBay

    Enhancing Security in Online Gambling with Blockchain Technology

    Enhancing Security in Online Gambling with Blockchain Technology

    Blushush by Sahil Gandhi and Ohh My Brand by Bhavik Sarkhedi Partner to Revolutionize Brand Strategy and Personal Branding

    Blushush by Sahil Gandhi and Ohh My Brand by Bhavik Sarkhedi Partner to Revolutionize Brand Strategy and Personal Branding

    How to Play Treeverse: Beginner’s Guide to Gameplay, NFTs, and Tokenomics

    How to Play Treeverse: Beginner’s Guide to Gameplay, NFTs, and Tokenomics

    Intellivix Targets Global AI Surveillance Market with ‘False Alarm Elimination’ Gen AMS

    Intellivix Targets Global AI Surveillance Market with ‘False Alarm Elimination’ Gen AMS

    The Future of Gambling: How Casino Sites Are Leveraging Web3

    The Future of Gambling: How Casino Sites Are Leveraging Web3

    The most potentially profitable investment method in 2025 is through PairMiner crypto cloud mining, earning passive income daily.

    The most potentially profitable investment method in 2025 is through PairMiner crypto cloud mining, earning passive income daily.

    GameFi Q1 2025 Report: User Growth, Chain Activity, and Revenue Trends

    GameFi Q1 2025 Report: User Growth, Chain Activity, and Revenue Trends

    Brain-Computer Interface Market Value, Trends, and Demand Insights | Scope By 2032

    Brain-Computer Interface Market Value, Trends, and Demand Insights | Scope By 2032

  • Metaverse
    Shib: The Metaverse – Part of the Expanding Shiba Inu Ecosystem

    Shib: The Metaverse – Part of the Expanding Shiba Inu Ecosystem

    Experience to Earn: Everdome's Metaverse Frontier

    Experience to Earn: Everdome’s Metaverse Frontier

    Beyond Bots: Meta Motivo and the Dawn of Humanlike Digital Life

    Beyond Bots: Meta Motivo and the Dawn of Humanlike Digital Life

    Exploring NetVRk: What Is Behind This AI-Driven Virtual Universe?

    Exploring NetVRk: What Is Behind This AI-Driven Virtual Universe?

    Council of Europe Highlights Metaverse's Impact on Privacy and Democracy

    Council of Europe Highlights Metaverse’s Impact on Privacy and Democracy

    Meta Cancels Next-Gen Headset Amidst Changing Market Landscape

    Meta Cancels Next-Gen Headset Amidst Changing Market Landscape

    Carrieverse and Disney Ink Content Deal

    Carrieverse and Disney Ink Content Deal

    SYKY Bridges Digital and Physical Fashion with Apple Vision Pro

    SYKY Bridges Digital and Physical Fashion with Apple Vision Pro

    Somnia Launches Playground App to Empower Metaverse Creators

    Somnia Launches Playground App to Empower Metaverse Creators

  • NFT
    NFT sales pump 37% to $144.8m, Immutable dethrones Ethereum

    NFT sales pump 37% to $144.8m, Immutable dethrones Ethereum

    Pudgy Penguins Joins Lufthansa for Real Travel Rewards

    Pudgy Penguins Joins Lufthansa for Real Travel Rewards

    Solsniper Closes NFT Marketplace After 3.5 Years, Shifts Focus to Trading Bot Development

    Solsniper Closes NFT Marketplace After 3.5 Years, Shifts Focus to Trading Bot Development

    Ethereum Token Platform Zora Sues Deloitte Over AI Trademark Dispute

    Ethereum Token Platform Zora Sues Deloitte Over AI Trademark Dispute

    OpenSea sunsets ‘Deals,’ other features in OS2 shakeup

    OpenSea sunsets ‘Deals,’ other features in OS2 shakeup

    Binance, Cristiano Ronaldo Introduce Sixth NFT Drop

    Binance, Cristiano Ronaldo Introduce Sixth NFT Drop

    Elite Footballers Named in $3.4 Million Crypto Fraud Case

    Elite Footballers Named in $3.4 Million Crypto Fraud Case

    Floki Inu Makes FlokiTars NFT Key to Unlocking Valhalla

    Floki Inu Makes FlokiTars NFT Key to Unlocking Valhalla

    First Force set to make Telegram debut with one of the largest NFT drops on TON

    First Force set to make Telegram debut with one of the largest NFT drops on TON

  • Gaming
    Why are big games building on Avalanche instead of Ethereum?

    Why are big games building on Avalanche instead of Ethereum?

    NFT – what is it and why is it needed?

    NFT – what is it and why is it needed?

    FIFA Rivals Mobile Game Debuts Worldwide with PvP Action and Digital Ownership

    FIFA Rivals Mobile Game Debuts Worldwide with PvP Action and Digital Ownership

    ‘FIFA Rivals’ Launches—Why Mythical Games Thinks It’ll Hit Bigger Than ‘NFL Rivals’

    ‘FIFA Rivals’ Launches—Why Mythical Games Thinks It’ll Hit Bigger Than ‘NFL Rivals’

    Off The Grid active wallets hold steady ahead of Steam launch

    Off The Grid active wallets hold steady ahead of Steam launch

    Tencent exploring $15B Nexon acquisition, a gaming firm with Web3 investments

    Tencent exploring $15B Nexon acquisition, a gaming firm with Web3 investments

    My Neighbor Alice teases new Pudgy Penguins Web3 game

    My Neighbor Alice teases new Pudgy Penguins Web3 game

    The Crypto Turmoil in the First Half of 2025 – Why It’s Still Worth Investing

    The Crypto Turmoil in the First Half of 2025 – Why It’s Still Worth Investing

    My Neighbor Alice Unveils Cross-Chain NFT Integration with Pudgy Penguins

    My Neighbor Alice Unveils Cross-Chain NFT Integration with Pudgy Penguins

  • Blockchain
    Capturing the Growth of Asset-Backed Finance via Blockchain-Enabled Opportunities

    Capturing the Growth of Asset-Backed Finance via Blockchain-Enabled Opportunities

    MetaMask Users Can Now Link Binance and OKX Accounts to Their Portfolio Dashboard

    MetaMask Users Can Now Link Binance and OKX Accounts to Their Portfolio Dashboard

    NetMindAI Partners with Neurochain AI to Revolutionize Decentralized AI Services

    NetMindAI Partners with Neurochain AI to Revolutionize Decentralized AI Services

    LFG Boosts Token Launches with Community Power

    LFG Boosts Token Launches with Community Power

    Polyhedra Network launches Proof Cloud in open beta

    Polyhedra Network launches Proof Cloud in open beta

    It’s a Different Sort of Olympics as Cryptographers Face Off in Polyhedra’s ‘Proof Arena’

    It’s a Different Sort of Olympics as Cryptographers Face Off in Polyhedra’s ‘Proof Arena’

    SoonVerse Partners with Arris to Enhance User Experience

    SoonVerse Partners with Arris to Enhance User Experience

    Metaplex Deploys Product Suite on Sonic SVM, Enhancing Solana’s Gaming Ecosystem

    Metaplex Deploys Product Suite on Sonic SVM, Enhancing Solana’s Gaming Ecosystem

    Space and Time Becomes ZK Coprocessor in Karak’s Ecosystem

    Space and Time Becomes ZK Coprocessor in Karak’s Ecosystem

  • AI
    Bitcoin Miner Bit Digital Diversifies Into AI for ‘Substantially Higher Margin’ Than Mining

    Bitcoin Miner Bit Digital Diversifies Into AI for ‘Substantially Higher Margin’ Than Mining

    ETH Daddy Discusses Ethereum and AI

    ETH Daddy Discusses Ethereum and AI

    How decentralization can mitigate ‘dystopic’ artificial intelligence risks: SingularityNET exec

    How decentralization can mitigate ‘dystopic’ artificial intelligence risks: SingularityNET exec

    ChatGPT is a tad too enthusiastic about Ethereum’s prospects

    I asked ChatGPT to predict Ethereum’s prospects as billionaire holders accumulate

    UAE emirate launches new free zone for digital assets, Web3 and AI

    UAE emirate launches new free zone for digital assets, Web3 and AI

  • Guides
    What Is Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) in Crypto?

    What Is Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) in Crypto?

    What Does FUD Mean in Crypto? The Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt Effect

    What Does FUD Mean in Crypto? The Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt Effect

    What Is Crypto Staking? How to Earn Crypto by Holding It

    What Is Crypto Staking? How to Earn Crypto by Holding It

    What Are Liquidity Pools? A Guide to DeFi Explained Simply

    What Are Liquidity Pools? A Guide to DeFi Explained Simply

    What Is Yield Farming in Crypto? A Beginner’s Guide to DeFi Income

    What Is Yield Farming in Crypto? A Beginner’s Guide to DeFi Income

    What Is Asset Tokenization? Types, Why It Matters Now [2025]

    What Is Asset Tokenization? Types, Why It Matters Now [2025]

    Key Innovations, Challenges, and What Comes Next

    Key Innovations, Challenges, and What Comes Next

    What Is Crypto Margin Trading? A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Leverage

    What Is Crypto Margin Trading? A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Leverage

    Types, Use Cases and Why They Matter

    Types, Use Cases and Why They Matter

  • Analysis
    Bitcoin Sees Historic Rise in Shark and Whale BTC Wallets, Records New High: Santiment

    Bitcoin Sees Historic Rise in Shark and Whale BTC Wallets, Records New High: Santiment

    An SBF Testimony Could Add ‘Decades’ to His Prison Sentence, According to Lawyer – Here’s Why

    An SBF Testimony Could Add ‘Decades’ to His Prison Sentence, According to Lawyer – Here’s Why

    Solana, XRP and One Ethereum Rival Leading Institutional Inflows in 2023: CoinShares Data

    Solana, XRP and One Ethereum Rival Leading Institutional Inflows in 2023: CoinShares Data

    Estate of Bankrupt Crypto Exchange FTX Abruptly Stakes Over $144 Million in Solana (SOL)

    Estate of Bankrupt Crypto Exchange FTX Abruptly Stakes Over $144 Million in Solana (SOL)

    Dogecoin Bull run

    Here’s What Could Trigger the Next Dogecoin (DOGE) Bull Run, According to Crypto Strategist

    Benjamin Cowen Warns Majority of Altcoins Will Never See New All-Time Highs Again Amid ‘Serious Declines’

    Benjamin Cowen Warns Majority of Altcoins Will Never See New All-Time Highs Again Amid ‘Serious Declines’

    SEC Chair Gary Gensler Standing in the Way of Bitcoin ETFs, Says ARK Invest’s Cathie Wood

    SEC Chair Gary Gensler Standing in the Way of Bitcoin ETFs, Says ARK Invest’s Cathie Wood

    Top Trader Sees Bitcoin Skyrocketing 570% in Next Bull Market Amid Soaring US Debt Levels

    Top Trader Sees Bitcoin Skyrocketing 570% in Next Bull Market Amid Soaring US Debt Levels

    The #1 CopyTrading Exchange-Bitget Turns 5, $100 Bonus for Newcomers

    The #1 CopyTrading Exchange-Bitget Turns 5, $100 Bonus for Newcomers

  • Coin Marketcaps
  • Home
  • Crypto
    • Bitcoin
    • Ethereum
    • Altcoins
    • DeFi
  • Web 3
    IOT in E-Commerce Market Is Going to Boom | Major Giants Amazon,Alibaba,eBay

    IOT in E-Commerce Market Is Going to Boom | Major Giants Amazon,Alibaba,eBay

    Enhancing Security in Online Gambling with Blockchain Technology

    Enhancing Security in Online Gambling with Blockchain Technology

    Blushush by Sahil Gandhi and Ohh My Brand by Bhavik Sarkhedi Partner to Revolutionize Brand Strategy and Personal Branding

    Blushush by Sahil Gandhi and Ohh My Brand by Bhavik Sarkhedi Partner to Revolutionize Brand Strategy and Personal Branding

    How to Play Treeverse: Beginner’s Guide to Gameplay, NFTs, and Tokenomics

    How to Play Treeverse: Beginner’s Guide to Gameplay, NFTs, and Tokenomics

    Intellivix Targets Global AI Surveillance Market with ‘False Alarm Elimination’ Gen AMS

    Intellivix Targets Global AI Surveillance Market with ‘False Alarm Elimination’ Gen AMS

    The Future of Gambling: How Casino Sites Are Leveraging Web3

    The Future of Gambling: How Casino Sites Are Leveraging Web3

    The most potentially profitable investment method in 2025 is through PairMiner crypto cloud mining, earning passive income daily.

    The most potentially profitable investment method in 2025 is through PairMiner crypto cloud mining, earning passive income daily.

    GameFi Q1 2025 Report: User Growth, Chain Activity, and Revenue Trends

    GameFi Q1 2025 Report: User Growth, Chain Activity, and Revenue Trends

    Brain-Computer Interface Market Value, Trends, and Demand Insights | Scope By 2032

    Brain-Computer Interface Market Value, Trends, and Demand Insights | Scope By 2032

  • Metaverse
    Shib: The Metaverse – Part of the Expanding Shiba Inu Ecosystem

    Shib: The Metaverse – Part of the Expanding Shiba Inu Ecosystem

    Experience to Earn: Everdome's Metaverse Frontier

    Experience to Earn: Everdome’s Metaverse Frontier

    Beyond Bots: Meta Motivo and the Dawn of Humanlike Digital Life

    Beyond Bots: Meta Motivo and the Dawn of Humanlike Digital Life

    Exploring NetVRk: What Is Behind This AI-Driven Virtual Universe?

    Exploring NetVRk: What Is Behind This AI-Driven Virtual Universe?

    Council of Europe Highlights Metaverse's Impact on Privacy and Democracy

    Council of Europe Highlights Metaverse’s Impact on Privacy and Democracy

    Meta Cancels Next-Gen Headset Amidst Changing Market Landscape

    Meta Cancels Next-Gen Headset Amidst Changing Market Landscape

    Carrieverse and Disney Ink Content Deal

    Carrieverse and Disney Ink Content Deal

    SYKY Bridges Digital and Physical Fashion with Apple Vision Pro

    SYKY Bridges Digital and Physical Fashion with Apple Vision Pro

    Somnia Launches Playground App to Empower Metaverse Creators

    Somnia Launches Playground App to Empower Metaverse Creators

  • NFT
    NFT sales pump 37% to $144.8m, Immutable dethrones Ethereum

    NFT sales pump 37% to $144.8m, Immutable dethrones Ethereum

    Pudgy Penguins Joins Lufthansa for Real Travel Rewards

    Pudgy Penguins Joins Lufthansa for Real Travel Rewards

    Solsniper Closes NFT Marketplace After 3.5 Years, Shifts Focus to Trading Bot Development

    Solsniper Closes NFT Marketplace After 3.5 Years, Shifts Focus to Trading Bot Development

    Ethereum Token Platform Zora Sues Deloitte Over AI Trademark Dispute

    Ethereum Token Platform Zora Sues Deloitte Over AI Trademark Dispute

    OpenSea sunsets ‘Deals,’ other features in OS2 shakeup

    OpenSea sunsets ‘Deals,’ other features in OS2 shakeup

    Binance, Cristiano Ronaldo Introduce Sixth NFT Drop

    Binance, Cristiano Ronaldo Introduce Sixth NFT Drop

    Elite Footballers Named in $3.4 Million Crypto Fraud Case

    Elite Footballers Named in $3.4 Million Crypto Fraud Case

    Floki Inu Makes FlokiTars NFT Key to Unlocking Valhalla

    Floki Inu Makes FlokiTars NFT Key to Unlocking Valhalla

    First Force set to make Telegram debut with one of the largest NFT drops on TON

    First Force set to make Telegram debut with one of the largest NFT drops on TON

  • Gaming
    Why are big games building on Avalanche instead of Ethereum?

    Why are big games building on Avalanche instead of Ethereum?

    NFT – what is it and why is it needed?

    NFT – what is it and why is it needed?

    FIFA Rivals Mobile Game Debuts Worldwide with PvP Action and Digital Ownership

    FIFA Rivals Mobile Game Debuts Worldwide with PvP Action and Digital Ownership

    ‘FIFA Rivals’ Launches—Why Mythical Games Thinks It’ll Hit Bigger Than ‘NFL Rivals’

    ‘FIFA Rivals’ Launches—Why Mythical Games Thinks It’ll Hit Bigger Than ‘NFL Rivals’

    Off The Grid active wallets hold steady ahead of Steam launch

    Off The Grid active wallets hold steady ahead of Steam launch

    Tencent exploring $15B Nexon acquisition, a gaming firm with Web3 investments

    Tencent exploring $15B Nexon acquisition, a gaming firm with Web3 investments

    My Neighbor Alice teases new Pudgy Penguins Web3 game

    My Neighbor Alice teases new Pudgy Penguins Web3 game

    The Crypto Turmoil in the First Half of 2025 – Why It’s Still Worth Investing

    The Crypto Turmoil in the First Half of 2025 – Why It’s Still Worth Investing

    My Neighbor Alice Unveils Cross-Chain NFT Integration with Pudgy Penguins

    My Neighbor Alice Unveils Cross-Chain NFT Integration with Pudgy Penguins

  • Blockchain
    Capturing the Growth of Asset-Backed Finance via Blockchain-Enabled Opportunities

    Capturing the Growth of Asset-Backed Finance via Blockchain-Enabled Opportunities

    MetaMask Users Can Now Link Binance and OKX Accounts to Their Portfolio Dashboard

    MetaMask Users Can Now Link Binance and OKX Accounts to Their Portfolio Dashboard

    NetMindAI Partners with Neurochain AI to Revolutionize Decentralized AI Services

    NetMindAI Partners with Neurochain AI to Revolutionize Decentralized AI Services

    LFG Boosts Token Launches with Community Power

    LFG Boosts Token Launches with Community Power

    Polyhedra Network launches Proof Cloud in open beta

    Polyhedra Network launches Proof Cloud in open beta

    It’s a Different Sort of Olympics as Cryptographers Face Off in Polyhedra’s ‘Proof Arena’

    It’s a Different Sort of Olympics as Cryptographers Face Off in Polyhedra’s ‘Proof Arena’

    SoonVerse Partners with Arris to Enhance User Experience

    SoonVerse Partners with Arris to Enhance User Experience

    Metaplex Deploys Product Suite on Sonic SVM, Enhancing Solana’s Gaming Ecosystem

    Metaplex Deploys Product Suite on Sonic SVM, Enhancing Solana’s Gaming Ecosystem

    Space and Time Becomes ZK Coprocessor in Karak’s Ecosystem

    Space and Time Becomes ZK Coprocessor in Karak’s Ecosystem

  • AI
    Bitcoin Miner Bit Digital Diversifies Into AI for ‘Substantially Higher Margin’ Than Mining

    Bitcoin Miner Bit Digital Diversifies Into AI for ‘Substantially Higher Margin’ Than Mining

    ETH Daddy Discusses Ethereum and AI

    ETH Daddy Discusses Ethereum and AI

    How decentralization can mitigate ‘dystopic’ artificial intelligence risks: SingularityNET exec

    How decentralization can mitigate ‘dystopic’ artificial intelligence risks: SingularityNET exec

    ChatGPT is a tad too enthusiastic about Ethereum’s prospects

    I asked ChatGPT to predict Ethereum’s prospects as billionaire holders accumulate

    UAE emirate launches new free zone for digital assets, Web3 and AI

    UAE emirate launches new free zone for digital assets, Web3 and AI

  • Guides
    What Is Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) in Crypto?

    What Is Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) in Crypto?

    What Does FUD Mean in Crypto? The Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt Effect

    What Does FUD Mean in Crypto? The Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt Effect

    What Is Crypto Staking? How to Earn Crypto by Holding It

    What Is Crypto Staking? How to Earn Crypto by Holding It

    What Are Liquidity Pools? A Guide to DeFi Explained Simply

    What Are Liquidity Pools? A Guide to DeFi Explained Simply

    What Is Yield Farming in Crypto? A Beginner’s Guide to DeFi Income

    What Is Yield Farming in Crypto? A Beginner’s Guide to DeFi Income

    What Is Asset Tokenization? Types, Why It Matters Now [2025]

    What Is Asset Tokenization? Types, Why It Matters Now [2025]

    Key Innovations, Challenges, and What Comes Next

    Key Innovations, Challenges, and What Comes Next

    What Is Crypto Margin Trading? A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Leverage

    What Is Crypto Margin Trading? A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Leverage

    Types, Use Cases and Why They Matter

    Types, Use Cases and Why They Matter

  • Analysis
    Bitcoin Sees Historic Rise in Shark and Whale BTC Wallets, Records New High: Santiment

    Bitcoin Sees Historic Rise in Shark and Whale BTC Wallets, Records New High: Santiment

    An SBF Testimony Could Add ‘Decades’ to His Prison Sentence, According to Lawyer – Here’s Why

    An SBF Testimony Could Add ‘Decades’ to His Prison Sentence, According to Lawyer – Here’s Why

    Solana, XRP and One Ethereum Rival Leading Institutional Inflows in 2023: CoinShares Data

    Solana, XRP and One Ethereum Rival Leading Institutional Inflows in 2023: CoinShares Data

    Estate of Bankrupt Crypto Exchange FTX Abruptly Stakes Over $144 Million in Solana (SOL)

    Estate of Bankrupt Crypto Exchange FTX Abruptly Stakes Over $144 Million in Solana (SOL)

    Dogecoin Bull run

    Here’s What Could Trigger the Next Dogecoin (DOGE) Bull Run, According to Crypto Strategist

    Benjamin Cowen Warns Majority of Altcoins Will Never See New All-Time Highs Again Amid ‘Serious Declines’

    Benjamin Cowen Warns Majority of Altcoins Will Never See New All-Time Highs Again Amid ‘Serious Declines’

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    SEC Chair Gary Gensler Standing in the Way of Bitcoin ETFs, Says ARK Invest’s Cathie Wood

    Top Trader Sees Bitcoin Skyrocketing 570% in Next Bull Market Amid Soaring US Debt Levels

    Top Trader Sees Bitcoin Skyrocketing 570% in Next Bull Market Amid Soaring US Debt Levels

    The #1 CopyTrading Exchange-Bitget Turns 5, $100 Bonus for Newcomers

    The #1 CopyTrading Exchange-Bitget Turns 5, $100 Bonus for Newcomers

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What is a Layer-1 (L1) Blockchain? L1 Problems & Future

May 3, 2025
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What is a Layer-1 (L1) Blockchain? L1 Problems & Future
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Layer-1 blockchains are the foundation of the crypto world. These networks handle everything on their own: transaction validation, consensus, and record-keeping. Bitcoin and Ethereum are two famous examples. They don’t rely on any other blockchains to function. In this guide, you’ll learn what Layer-1 means, how it works, and why it matters.

What Is a Layer-1 Blockchain?

A Layer-1 blockchain is a self-sufficient distributed ledger. It handles everything on its own chain. Transactions, consensus, and security all happen at this level. You don’t need any other system to make it work.

Bitcoin and Ethereum are the most well-known examples. These networks process transactions directly and keep their own records. Each has its own coin and blockchain protocol. You can build decentralized applications on them, but the base layer stays in control.


Layer 1 blockchain definition

Why Are They Called “Layer-1”?

Think of blockchains like a stack of building blocks. The bottom block is the foundation. That’s Layer-1.

It’s called “Layer-1” because it’s the first layer of the network. It holds all the core functions: confirming transactions, updating balances, and keeping the system safe. Everything else, like apps or faster tools, builds on top of it.

We use layers because it’s hard to change the base once it’s built. Instead, developers add layers to upgrade performance without breaking the core. Layer-2 networks are a good example of that. They work with Layer-1 but don’t replace it.

Why Do We Need More Than One Layer?

Because Layer-1 can’t do everything at once. It’s secure and decentralized, but not very fast. And when too many users flood the network, things slow down even more.

Bitcoin, for example, handles only about 7 transactions per second. That’s far from enough to meet global demand. Visa, in comparison, processes thousands of transactions per second.

To fix this, developers introduced other blockchain layers. These layers, like Layer-2 scalability solutions, run on top of the base chain. They enhance scalability by processing more transactions off-chain and then sending the results back to Layer-1.

This setup keeps the system secure and boosts performance. It also unlocks new features. Fast-paced apps like games, micropayments, and trading platforms all need speed. These use cases don’t run well on slow, foundational layers. That’s why Layer-2 exists—to extend the power of Layer-1 without changing its core.

Read also: What Are Layer-0 Blockchains?

How Does a Layer-1 Blockchain Actually Work?

A Layer-1 blockchain processes every transaction from start to finish. Here’s what happens:

Step 1: Sending a transaction

When you send crypto, your wallet creates a digital message. This message is signed using your private key. That’s part of what’s called an asymmetric key pair—two linked keys: one private, one public.

Your private key proves you’re the owner. Your public key lets the network verify your signature without revealing your private info. It’s how the blockchain stays both secure and open.

Your signed transaction is then broadcast to the network. It enters a waiting area called the mempool (memory pool), where it stays until validators pick it up.

Step 2: Validating the transaction

Validators check that your transaction follows the rules. They confirm your signature is valid. They make sure you have enough funds and that you’re not spending the same crypto twice.

Different blockchains use different methods to validate transactions. Bitcoin uses Proof of Work, and Ethereum now uses Proof of Stake. But in all cases, the network checks each transaction before it moves forward.

Block producers often handle multiple transactions at once, bundling them into a block. If your transaction is valid, it’s ready to be added.

Step 3: Adding the transaction to the blockchain

Once a block is full of valid transactions, it’s proposed to the network. The block goes through one final check. Then, the network adds it to the chain.

Each new block links to the last one. That’s what forms the “chain” in blockchain. The whole process is secure and permanent.

On Bitcoin, this happens every 10 minutes. On Ethereum, it takes about 12 seconds. Once your transaction is in a confirmed block, it’s final. No one can change it.

Key Features of Layer-1 Blockchains

Decentralization

Because the blockchain is a distributed ledger, no single server or authority holds all the power. Instead, thousands of computers around the world keep the network running.

These computers are called nodes. Each one stores a full copy of the blockchain. Together, they make sure everyone sees the same version of the ledger.

Decentralization means no one can shut the network down. It also means you don’t have to trust a middleman. The rules are built into the code, and every user plays a part in keeping things fair.

Security

Security is one of Layer-1’s biggest strengths. Once a transaction is confirmed, it’s nearly impossible to reverse. That’s because the whole network agrees on the data.

Each block is linked with a cryptographic code called a hash. If someone tries to change a past transaction, it breaks the link. Other nodes spot the change and reject it.

Proof of Work and Proof of Stake both add more protection. In Bitcoin, changing history would cost millions of dollars in electricity. In Ethereum, an attacker would need to control most of the staked coins. In both cases, it’s just not worth the effort.

Scalability (and the Scalability Trilemma)

Scalability means handling more transactions, faster. And it’s where many Layer-1s struggle.

Bitcoin handles about 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages 15 to 30. That’s not enough when millions of users join in.

Some networks like Solana aim much higher. Under ideal conditions, Solana can process 50,000 to 65,000 transactions per second. But high speed comes with trade-offs.

This is known as the blockchain trilemma: you can’t maximize speed, security, and decentralization all at once. Improve one, and you often weaken the others.

That’s why many Layer-1s stick to being secure and decentralized. They leave the speed upgrades to Layer-2 scaling solutions.


Triangle diagram showing the trade-off between decentralization, scalability, and security in blockchain design.
The blockchain trilemma explains why it’s hard to achieve all three: decentralization, scalability, and security.

Popular Examples of Layer-1 Blockchains

Not all Layer-1s are the same. Some are slow and super secure. Others are fast and built for speed-hungry apps. Let’s walk through five well-known Layer-1 blockchains and what makes each one stand out.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Bitcoin was the first successful use of blockchain technology. It launched in 2009 and kicked off the entire crypto movement. People mainly use it to store value and make peer-to-peer payments.

It runs on Proof of Work, where miners compete to secure the Bitcoin network. That makes Bitcoin highly secure, but also fairly slow—it handles about 7 transactions per second, and each block takes around 10 minutes.

Bitcoin operates as its only layer, without relying on other networks for security or validation. That’s why it’s often called “digital gold”—great for holding, not for daily purchases. Still, it remains the most trusted name in crypto.

Ethereum (ETH)

Ethereum came out in 2015 and introduced something new—smart contracts. These let people build decentralized apps (dApps) directly on the blockchain.

It started with Proof of Work but switched to Proof of Stake in 2022. That one change cut Ethereum’s energy use by over 99%.

Read also: What Is The Merge? 

Ethereum processes about 15–30 transactions per second. It’s not the fastest, and it can get pricey during busy times. But it powers most of the crypto apps you’ve heard of—DeFi platforms, NFT marketplaces, and more. If Bitcoin is digital gold, Ethereum is the entire app store.

Solana (SOL)

Solana is built for speed. It launched in 2020 and uses a unique combo of Proof of Stake and Proof of History consensus mechanisms. That helps it hit up to 65,000 transactions per second in the best-case scenario.

Transactions are fast and cheap—we’re talking fractions of a cent and block times under a second. That’s why you see so many games and NFT projects popping up on Solana.

However, Solana had a few outages, and running a validator node takes serious hardware. But if you want a high-speed blockchain, Solana is a strong contender.

Cardano (ADA)

Cardano takes a more careful approach. It launched in 2017 and was built from the ground up using academic research and peer-reviewed code.

It runs on Ouroboros, a type of Proof of Stake that’s energy-efficient and secure. Cardano supports smart contracts and keeps getting upgrades through a phased rollout.

It handles dozens of transactions per second right now, but future upgrades like Hydra aim to scale that up. People often choose Cardano for socially impactful projects—like digital IDs and education tools in developing regions.

See also  Saga (SAGA) Price Prediction

Avalanche (AVAX)

Avalanche is a flexible blockchain platform built for speed. It went live in 2020 and uses a special type of Proof of Stake that lets it execute transactions in about one second.

Instead of one big chain, Avalanche has three: one for assets, one for smart contracts, and one for coordination. That helps it handle thousands of transactions per second without getting bogged down.

You can even create your own subnet—basically a mini-blockchain with its own rules. That’s why Avalanche is popular with developers building games, financial tools, and enterprise apps.


Chart comparing TPS across blockchains (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana) and payment systems (Visa, Mastercard).
Solana leads crypto TPS, but still trails centralized systems like Visa and Mastercard in raw throughput.

Layer-1 vs. Layer-2: What’s the Difference?

Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains work together. But they solve different problems. Layer-1 is the base. Layer-2 builds on top of it to improve speed, fees, and user experience.

Let’s break down the difference across five key features.

Read also: What Is Layer 2 in Blockchain?

Speed

Layer-1 networks can be slow. Bitcoin takes about 10 minutes to confirm a block. Ethereum does it faster—around 12 seconds—but it still gets congested.

To improve transaction speeds, developers use blockchain scaling solutions like Layer-2 networks. These solutions process transactions off the main chain and only settle the final result on Layer-1. That means near-instant payments in most cases.

Fees

Layer-1 can get expensive. When the network is busy, users pay more to get their transaction through. On Ethereum, fees can shoot up to $20, $50, or even more during peak demand.

Layer-2 helps with that. It bundles many transactions into one and settles them on the main chain. That keeps fees low—often just a few cents.

Decentralisation

Layer-1 is usually more decentralized. Thousands of independent nodes keep the network running. That makes it hard to censor or shut down.

Layer-2 may use fewer nodes or special operators to boost performance. That can mean slightly less decentralization—but the core security still comes from the Layer-1 underneath.

Security

Layer-1 handles its own security. It relies on cryptographic rules and a consensus algorithm like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake. Once a transaction is confirmed, it’s locked in.

Layer-2 borrows its security from Layer-1. It sends proof back to the main chain, which keeps everyone honest. But if there’s a bug in the bridge or contract, users might face some risk.

Use Cases

Layer-1 is your base layer. You use it for big transactions, long-term holdings, or anything that needs strong security.

Layer-2 is better for day-to-day stuff. Think fast trades, games, or sending tiny payments. It’s built to make crypto smoother and cheaper without messing with the foundation.

Problems of Layer-1 Blockchains

Layer-1 networks are powerful, but they’re not perfect. As more people use them, three big issues keep showing up: slowdowns, high fees, and energy use.

Network Congestion

Layer-1 blockchains can only handle so much at once. The Bitcoin blockchain processes around 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages between 15 and 30. That’s fine when things are quiet. But when the network gets busy, everything slows down.

Transactions pile up in the mempool, waiting to be included in the next block. That can mean long delays. In some cases, a simple transfer might take minutes or even hours.

This gets worse during market surges, NFT drops, or big DeFi events. The network can’t scale fast enough to keep up. That’s why developers started building Layer-2 solutions—to handle any overflow.

High Transaction Fees

When more people want to use the network, fees go up. It’s a bidding war. The highest bidder gets their transaction processed first.

On Ethereum, fees can spike to $50 or more during busy periods. Even simple tasks like sending tokens or minting NFTs can become too expensive for regular users.

Bitcoin has seen this too. In late 2017, during a bull run, average transaction fees jumped above $30. It priced out small users and pushed them to wait—or use another network.

Energy Consumption

Some Layer-1s use a lot of energy. Bitcoin is the biggest example. Its Proof of Work system relies on thousands of miners solving puzzles. That uses more electricity than many countries.

This setup makes Bitcoin very secure. But it also raises environmental concerns. Critics argue that it’s not sustainable long term.

That’s why many newer blockchains now use Proof of Stake. Ethereum made the switch in 2022 and cut its energy use by more than 99%. Other chains like Solana and Cardano were built to be energy-efficient from day one.

The Future of Layer-1 Blockchains

Layer-1 blockchains are getting upgrades. Fast.

Ethereum plans to add sharding. This will split the network into smaller parts to handle more transactions at once. It’s one way to scale without losing security.

Other projects are exploring modular designs. That means letting different layers handle different jobs—like one for data, one for execution, and one for security.

We’re also starting to see more chains focused on energy efficiency. Proof of Stake is becoming the new standard since it cuts power use without weakening trust.

Layer-1 won’t disappear – it will just keep evolving to support bigger, faster, and more flexible networks. As Layer-1s continue to evolve, we’ll see more connected blockchain ecosystems—where multiple networks work together, share data, and grow side by side.

FAQ

Is Bitcoin a layer-1 blockchain?

Yes. Bitcoin is the original Layer-1 blockchain. It runs on its own network, uses its own rules, and doesn’t rely on any other blockchain to function. All transactions happen directly on the Bitcoin ledger. It’s a base layer—simple, secure, and decentralized. While other tools like the Lightning Network build on top of it, Bitcoin itself stays at the core as the foundation.

How many Layer 1 blockchains are there?

There’s no exact number. New Layer-1s launch all the time.

Why do some Layer-1 blockchains have high transaction fees?

Fees rise when demand is high. On Layer-1, users compete to get their transactions included in the next block. That creates a fee auction—whoever pays more, gets in first. That’s why when the network is congested, gas fees spike. Ethereum and Bitcoin both experience this often, and limited throughput and high traffic are the main causes. Newer Layer-1s try to keep fees low with better scalability.

How do I know if a crypto project is Layer-1?

Check if it has its own blockchain. A Layer-1 project runs its own network, with independent nodes, a native token, and a full transaction history. It doesn’t rely on another chain for consensus or security.

For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are Layer-1s. Meanwhile, a token built on Ethereum (like USDC or Uniswap) is not. It lives on Ethereum’s Layer-1 but doesn’t run on its own.

Can one blockchain be both Layer-1 and Layer-2?

Not exactly, but it depends on how it’s used. A blockchain can act as Layer-1 for its own network while working like a Layer-2 for another.

For example, Polygon has its own chain (Layer-1), but people call it Layer-2 because it helps scale Ethereum. Some Polkadot parachains are similar—independent, but connected to a larger system. It’s all about context.

What happens if a Layer-1 blockchain stops working?

If that happens, the entire blockchain network freezes. No new transactions can be processed. Your funds are still there, but you can’t send or receive anything until the chain comes back online.

Solana has had a few outages like this—and yes, plenty of memes were made because of it. But as of 2025, the network seems much more stable. Most outages get fixed with a patch and a coordinated restart. A complete failure, though, would leave assets and apps stuck—possibly forever.


Disclaimer: Please note that the contents of this article are not financial or investing advice. The information provided in this article is the author’s opinion only and should not be considered as offering trading or investing recommendations. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. The cryptocurrency market suffers from high volatility and occasional arbitrary movements. Any investor, trader, or regular crypto users should research multiple viewpoints and be familiar with all local regulations before committing to an investment.

READ ALSO

What Is Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) in Crypto?

What Does FUD Mean in Crypto? The Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt Effect

Layer-1 blockchains are the foundation of the crypto world. These networks handle everything on their own: transaction validation, consensus, and record-keeping. Bitcoin and Ethereum are two famous examples. They don’t rely on any other blockchains to function. In this guide, you’ll learn what Layer-1 means, how it works, and why it matters.

See also  Best Crypto Wallet for 2023: Top Trusted Wallets

What Is a Layer-1 Blockchain?

A Layer-1 blockchain is a self-sufficient distributed ledger. It handles everything on its own chain. Transactions, consensus, and security all happen at this level. You don’t need any other system to make it work.

Bitcoin and Ethereum are the most well-known examples. These networks process transactions directly and keep their own records. Each has its own coin and blockchain protocol. You can build decentralized applications on them, but the base layer stays in control.


Layer 1 blockchain definition

Why Are They Called “Layer-1”?

Think of blockchains like a stack of building blocks. The bottom block is the foundation. That’s Layer-1.

It’s called “Layer-1” because it’s the first layer of the network. It holds all the core functions: confirming transactions, updating balances, and keeping the system safe. Everything else, like apps or faster tools, builds on top of it.

We use layers because it’s hard to change the base once it’s built. Instead, developers add layers to upgrade performance without breaking the core. Layer-2 networks are a good example of that. They work with Layer-1 but don’t replace it.

Why Do We Need More Than One Layer?

Because Layer-1 can’t do everything at once. It’s secure and decentralized, but not very fast. And when too many users flood the network, things slow down even more.

Bitcoin, for example, handles only about 7 transactions per second. That’s far from enough to meet global demand. Visa, in comparison, processes thousands of transactions per second.

To fix this, developers introduced other blockchain layers. These layers, like Layer-2 scalability solutions, run on top of the base chain. They enhance scalability by processing more transactions off-chain and then sending the results back to Layer-1.

This setup keeps the system secure and boosts performance. It also unlocks new features. Fast-paced apps like games, micropayments, and trading platforms all need speed. These use cases don’t run well on slow, foundational layers. That’s why Layer-2 exists—to extend the power of Layer-1 without changing its core.

Read also: What Are Layer-0 Blockchains?

How Does a Layer-1 Blockchain Actually Work?

A Layer-1 blockchain processes every transaction from start to finish. Here’s what happens:

Step 1: Sending a transaction

When you send crypto, your wallet creates a digital message. This message is signed using your private key. That’s part of what’s called an asymmetric key pair—two linked keys: one private, one public.

Your private key proves you’re the owner. Your public key lets the network verify your signature without revealing your private info. It’s how the blockchain stays both secure and open.

Your signed transaction is then broadcast to the network. It enters a waiting area called the mempool (memory pool), where it stays until validators pick it up.

Step 2: Validating the transaction

Validators check that your transaction follows the rules. They confirm your signature is valid. They make sure you have enough funds and that you’re not spending the same crypto twice.

Different blockchains use different methods to validate transactions. Bitcoin uses Proof of Work, and Ethereum now uses Proof of Stake. But in all cases, the network checks each transaction before it moves forward.

Block producers often handle multiple transactions at once, bundling them into a block. If your transaction is valid, it’s ready to be added.

Step 3: Adding the transaction to the blockchain

Once a block is full of valid transactions, it’s proposed to the network. The block goes through one final check. Then, the network adds it to the chain.

Each new block links to the last one. That’s what forms the “chain” in blockchain. The whole process is secure and permanent.

On Bitcoin, this happens every 10 minutes. On Ethereum, it takes about 12 seconds. Once your transaction is in a confirmed block, it’s final. No one can change it.

Key Features of Layer-1 Blockchains

Decentralization

Because the blockchain is a distributed ledger, no single server or authority holds all the power. Instead, thousands of computers around the world keep the network running.

These computers are called nodes. Each one stores a full copy of the blockchain. Together, they make sure everyone sees the same version of the ledger.

Decentralization means no one can shut the network down. It also means you don’t have to trust a middleman. The rules are built into the code, and every user plays a part in keeping things fair.

Security

Security is one of Layer-1’s biggest strengths. Once a transaction is confirmed, it’s nearly impossible to reverse. That’s because the whole network agrees on the data.

Each block is linked with a cryptographic code called a hash. If someone tries to change a past transaction, it breaks the link. Other nodes spot the change and reject it.

Proof of Work and Proof of Stake both add more protection. In Bitcoin, changing history would cost millions of dollars in electricity. In Ethereum, an attacker would need to control most of the staked coins. In both cases, it’s just not worth the effort.

Scalability (and the Scalability Trilemma)

Scalability means handling more transactions, faster. And it’s where many Layer-1s struggle.

Bitcoin handles about 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages 15 to 30. That’s not enough when millions of users join in.

Some networks like Solana aim much higher. Under ideal conditions, Solana can process 50,000 to 65,000 transactions per second. But high speed comes with trade-offs.

This is known as the blockchain trilemma: you can’t maximize speed, security, and decentralization all at once. Improve one, and you often weaken the others.

That’s why many Layer-1s stick to being secure and decentralized. They leave the speed upgrades to Layer-2 scaling solutions.


Triangle diagram showing the trade-off between decentralization, scalability, and security in blockchain design.
The blockchain trilemma explains why it’s hard to achieve all three: decentralization, scalability, and security.

Popular Examples of Layer-1 Blockchains

Not all Layer-1s are the same. Some are slow and super secure. Others are fast and built for speed-hungry apps. Let’s walk through five well-known Layer-1 blockchains and what makes each one stand out.

Bitcoin (BTC)

Bitcoin was the first successful use of blockchain technology. It launched in 2009 and kicked off the entire crypto movement. People mainly use it to store value and make peer-to-peer payments.

It runs on Proof of Work, where miners compete to secure the Bitcoin network. That makes Bitcoin highly secure, but also fairly slow—it handles about 7 transactions per second, and each block takes around 10 minutes.

Bitcoin operates as its only layer, without relying on other networks for security or validation. That’s why it’s often called “digital gold”—great for holding, not for daily purchases. Still, it remains the most trusted name in crypto.

Ethereum (ETH)

Ethereum came out in 2015 and introduced something new—smart contracts. These let people build decentralized apps (dApps) directly on the blockchain.

It started with Proof of Work but switched to Proof of Stake in 2022. That one change cut Ethereum’s energy use by over 99%.

Read also: What Is The Merge? 

Ethereum processes about 15–30 transactions per second. It’s not the fastest, and it can get pricey during busy times. But it powers most of the crypto apps you’ve heard of—DeFi platforms, NFT marketplaces, and more. If Bitcoin is digital gold, Ethereum is the entire app store.

Solana (SOL)

Solana is built for speed. It launched in 2020 and uses a unique combo of Proof of Stake and Proof of History consensus mechanisms. That helps it hit up to 65,000 transactions per second in the best-case scenario.

Transactions are fast and cheap—we’re talking fractions of a cent and block times under a second. That’s why you see so many games and NFT projects popping up on Solana.

However, Solana had a few outages, and running a validator node takes serious hardware. But if you want a high-speed blockchain, Solana is a strong contender.

Cardano (ADA)

Cardano takes a more careful approach. It launched in 2017 and was built from the ground up using academic research and peer-reviewed code.

It runs on Ouroboros, a type of Proof of Stake that’s energy-efficient and secure. Cardano supports smart contracts and keeps getting upgrades through a phased rollout.

See also  Blockchain Staking Firms Update Best Practices Amid 'Increased Scrutiny'

It handles dozens of transactions per second right now, but future upgrades like Hydra aim to scale that up. People often choose Cardano for socially impactful projects—like digital IDs and education tools in developing regions.

Avalanche (AVAX)

Avalanche is a flexible blockchain platform built for speed. It went live in 2020 and uses a special type of Proof of Stake that lets it execute transactions in about one second.

Instead of one big chain, Avalanche has three: one for assets, one for smart contracts, and one for coordination. That helps it handle thousands of transactions per second without getting bogged down.

You can even create your own subnet—basically a mini-blockchain with its own rules. That’s why Avalanche is popular with developers building games, financial tools, and enterprise apps.


Chart comparing TPS across blockchains (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana) and payment systems (Visa, Mastercard).
Solana leads crypto TPS, but still trails centralized systems like Visa and Mastercard in raw throughput.

Layer-1 vs. Layer-2: What’s the Difference?

Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains work together. But they solve different problems. Layer-1 is the base. Layer-2 builds on top of it to improve speed, fees, and user experience.

Let’s break down the difference across five key features.

Read also: What Is Layer 2 in Blockchain?

Speed

Layer-1 networks can be slow. Bitcoin takes about 10 minutes to confirm a block. Ethereum does it faster—around 12 seconds—but it still gets congested.

To improve transaction speeds, developers use blockchain scaling solutions like Layer-2 networks. These solutions process transactions off the main chain and only settle the final result on Layer-1. That means near-instant payments in most cases.

Fees

Layer-1 can get expensive. When the network is busy, users pay more to get their transaction through. On Ethereum, fees can shoot up to $20, $50, or even more during peak demand.

Layer-2 helps with that. It bundles many transactions into one and settles them on the main chain. That keeps fees low—often just a few cents.

Decentralisation

Layer-1 is usually more decentralized. Thousands of independent nodes keep the network running. That makes it hard to censor or shut down.

Layer-2 may use fewer nodes or special operators to boost performance. That can mean slightly less decentralization—but the core security still comes from the Layer-1 underneath.

Security

Layer-1 handles its own security. It relies on cryptographic rules and a consensus algorithm like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake. Once a transaction is confirmed, it’s locked in.

Layer-2 borrows its security from Layer-1. It sends proof back to the main chain, which keeps everyone honest. But if there’s a bug in the bridge or contract, users might face some risk.

Use Cases

Layer-1 is your base layer. You use it for big transactions, long-term holdings, or anything that needs strong security.

Layer-2 is better for day-to-day stuff. Think fast trades, games, or sending tiny payments. It’s built to make crypto smoother and cheaper without messing with the foundation.

Problems of Layer-1 Blockchains

Layer-1 networks are powerful, but they’re not perfect. As more people use them, three big issues keep showing up: slowdowns, high fees, and energy use.

Network Congestion

Layer-1 blockchains can only handle so much at once. The Bitcoin blockchain processes around 7 transactions per second. Ethereum manages between 15 and 30. That’s fine when things are quiet. But when the network gets busy, everything slows down.

Transactions pile up in the mempool, waiting to be included in the next block. That can mean long delays. In some cases, a simple transfer might take minutes or even hours.

This gets worse during market surges, NFT drops, or big DeFi events. The network can’t scale fast enough to keep up. That’s why developers started building Layer-2 solutions—to handle any overflow.

High Transaction Fees

When more people want to use the network, fees go up. It’s a bidding war. The highest bidder gets their transaction processed first.

On Ethereum, fees can spike to $50 or more during busy periods. Even simple tasks like sending tokens or minting NFTs can become too expensive for regular users.

Bitcoin has seen this too. In late 2017, during a bull run, average transaction fees jumped above $30. It priced out small users and pushed them to wait—or use another network.

Energy Consumption

Some Layer-1s use a lot of energy. Bitcoin is the biggest example. Its Proof of Work system relies on thousands of miners solving puzzles. That uses more electricity than many countries.

This setup makes Bitcoin very secure. But it also raises environmental concerns. Critics argue that it’s not sustainable long term.

That’s why many newer blockchains now use Proof of Stake. Ethereum made the switch in 2022 and cut its energy use by more than 99%. Other chains like Solana and Cardano were built to be energy-efficient from day one.

The Future of Layer-1 Blockchains

Layer-1 blockchains are getting upgrades. Fast.

Ethereum plans to add sharding. This will split the network into smaller parts to handle more transactions at once. It’s one way to scale without losing security.

Other projects are exploring modular designs. That means letting different layers handle different jobs—like one for data, one for execution, and one for security.

We’re also starting to see more chains focused on energy efficiency. Proof of Stake is becoming the new standard since it cuts power use without weakening trust.

Layer-1 won’t disappear – it will just keep evolving to support bigger, faster, and more flexible networks. As Layer-1s continue to evolve, we’ll see more connected blockchain ecosystems—where multiple networks work together, share data, and grow side by side.

FAQ

Is Bitcoin a layer-1 blockchain?

Yes. Bitcoin is the original Layer-1 blockchain. It runs on its own network, uses its own rules, and doesn’t rely on any other blockchain to function. All transactions happen directly on the Bitcoin ledger. It’s a base layer—simple, secure, and decentralized. While other tools like the Lightning Network build on top of it, Bitcoin itself stays at the core as the foundation.

How many Layer 1 blockchains are there?

There’s no exact number. New Layer-1s launch all the time.

Why do some Layer-1 blockchains have high transaction fees?

Fees rise when demand is high. On Layer-1, users compete to get their transactions included in the next block. That creates a fee auction—whoever pays more, gets in first. That’s why when the network is congested, gas fees spike. Ethereum and Bitcoin both experience this often, and limited throughput and high traffic are the main causes. Newer Layer-1s try to keep fees low with better scalability.

How do I know if a crypto project is Layer-1?

Check if it has its own blockchain. A Layer-1 project runs its own network, with independent nodes, a native token, and a full transaction history. It doesn’t rely on another chain for consensus or security.

For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are Layer-1s. Meanwhile, a token built on Ethereum (like USDC or Uniswap) is not. It lives on Ethereum’s Layer-1 but doesn’t run on its own.

Can one blockchain be both Layer-1 and Layer-2?

Not exactly, but it depends on how it’s used. A blockchain can act as Layer-1 for its own network while working like a Layer-2 for another.

For example, Polygon has its own chain (Layer-1), but people call it Layer-2 because it helps scale Ethereum. Some Polkadot parachains are similar—independent, but connected to a larger system. It’s all about context.

What happens if a Layer-1 blockchain stops working?

If that happens, the entire blockchain network freezes. No new transactions can be processed. Your funds are still there, but you can’t send or receive anything until the chain comes back online.

Solana has had a few outages like this—and yes, plenty of memes were made because of it. But as of 2025, the network seems much more stable. Most outages get fixed with a patch and a coordinated restart. A complete failure, though, would leave assets and apps stuck—possibly forever.


Disclaimer: Please note that the contents of this article are not financial or investing advice. The information provided in this article is the author’s opinion only and should not be considered as offering trading or investing recommendations. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. The cryptocurrency market suffers from high volatility and occasional arbitrary movements. Any investor, trader, or regular crypto users should research multiple viewpoints and be familiar with all local regulations before committing to an investment.

Tags: BlockchainFutureLayer1problems

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